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Webbing Rappelling

Webbing Rappelling Three Basic Steps to Search Engine Optimization The better optimized a websituate is, the prominent the duration it will accept from a search engines web crawlers, the prominent...

 

Webbing Rappelling

Webbing Rappelling

Three Basic Steps to Search Engine Optimization

The better optimized a websituate is, the prominent the duration it will accept from a search engines web crawlers, the prominent its duration the more move your websituate will have, the more move your websituate has the more profit your websituate will make. The key is good internet search engine optimization.

Why is having a receiving a high duration so important to the impending triumph of your online activity? Studies have open that consumers seldom look at websituates that don't rank a infamy on of the first two pages the search engines displays. Websituates that accept a duration that seats them on the third page (or any other pages after that) see a markerificantly slash capacity of move at their websituates then one that is ranked on the next page. There is even a staggering difference between the first and next page. In the world of e-retail duration and strong search engine optimization is everything.

From this point forward, we will let you in on little secrets that will help you implement this subject into your life.

At first search engine optimization may feel like obstinate to rappel down the good crevice, a oversize uncanny world about of big tongue like web crawlers, PageRank, Meta tags, and algorithms. You've never heard of any of these utensils. A ephemeral internet search of the world algorithm doesn't help; all you got was a printout of creepy symbols and evidence standard in dense algebraic equations.

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The loyalty of search engine optimization is that you can telescope to optimize your websituate absent any numbers at all of the officer teach difficult in search engine optimization. only affirmed the very first tread in shrewd a websituate that is open to be well ranked by the search engines is to initiate a content bursting situate. What this means is that you must energy as deeply information about your outcome into your websituate as you perhaps can.

The third tread to search engine optimization is to teach your situate with keytongue that will tempt the web crawler's mentality. The critical tread in a wonderabouty optimized websituate is to barreward it to the search engine that will compliment it.

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When we begin to bring this information together, it starts to form the main idea of what this subject is about.

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Hammers HP1 Anti-Shock Hiking Pole with Compass & Thermometer
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Hi-Tec Men's Altitude IV WP Hiking Boot,Black,11.5 M
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Don't Waste Your Time In The Canadian Rockies: The Opinionated Hiking Guide
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Guide to the Superior Hiking Trail: Linking People With Nature by Footpath Along Lake Superior's North Shore
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Three Basic Steps to Search Engine Optimization

Search engine optimization is the art and science of making web pages appear attractive to the search engines. The better optimized a website is, the higher the ranking it will receive from a search engines web crawlers, the higher its ranking the more traffic your website will have, the more traffic your website has the more profit your website will generate. The key is good internet search engine optimization.

Why is having a receiving a high ranking so important to the future success of your online business? Studies have shown that consumers seldom look at websites that don't rank a spot on of the first two pages the search engines displays. Websites that receive a ranking that places them on the third page (or any other pages after that) see a significantly lower amount of traffic at their websites then one that is ranked on the second page. There is even a staggering difference between the first and second page. In the world of e-commerce ranking and strong search engine optimization is everything.

At first search engine optimization may feel like trying to rappel down the Grand Canyon, a huge scary world full of big words like web crawlers, PageRank, Meta tags, and algorithms. You've never heard of any of these things. A quick internet search of the world algorithm doesn't help; all you got was a printout of strange symbols and numbers arranged in complex algebraic equations.

Sit back, take a deep breath, and try to relax. Search engine optimization is a lot simpler then you might think. First things first.

Algorithms really are every bit as complex as they look. Simply defined they are a finite set of carefully defined instructions. Most, if not all, computer programs are designed with strict algorithms.

PageRank is simply the program Google designed to search, index, and rank it registered webpage's. PageRank operates on a link analysis algorithm. PageRank is credited for Google incredible success.

Web crawlers are tools search engines use to browse the World Wide Web in a methodical, automated manner. When web crawlers are browsing websites they are looking for algorithms.

Meta tags are special HTML tags that provide information to about a web page. Meta tags are written directly into the title tag and are only visible to the search engine.

The reality of search engine optimization is that you can start to optimize your website without any knowledge at all of the technical stuff involved in search engine optimization. Simply stated the very first step in designing a website that is going to be well ranked by the search engines is to create a content rich site. What this means is that you must cram as much information about your product into your website as you possibly can.

The third step to search engine optimization is to fill your site with keywords that will attract the web crawler's attention. The final step in a wonderfully optimized website is to submit it to the search engine that will compliment it.

About the Author

Uncover The Brutally Effective SEO Software That "Average Joes and Janes" Are Using To - Quickly and Easily Blow Up Their Bank Accounts, Explode Their Traffic, and Triple Their Sales - With Little Or No Extra Work... Effective SEO Software.

Carabiners Figure

 

Carabiners Figure

Carabiners Figure





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Hi-Tec Men's Altitude IV WP Hiking Boot,Dark Chocolate,10.5 M
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Hammers HP1 Anti-Shock Hiking Pole with Compass & Thermometer
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Hi-Tec Men's Altitude IV WP Hiking Boot,Black,11.5 M
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Don't Waste Your Time In The Canadian Rockies: The Opinionated Hiking Guide
Don't Waste Your Time In The Canadian Rockies: The Opinionated Hiking Guide
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Hi-Tec Men's Altitude IV WP Hiking Boot,Black,14 M
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Hi-Tec Men's Altitude IV WP Hiking Boot,Black,12 M
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Hi-Tec Men's Altitude IV WP Hiking Boot,Black,13 M
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Guide to the Superior Hiking Trail: Linking People With Nature by Footpath Along Lake Superior's North Shore
Guide to the Superior Hiking Trail: Linking People With Nature by Footpath Along Lake Superior's North Shore
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Rapelling Harness

 

Rapelling Harness

Rapelling Harness
What kind of equipment do I need to start climbing and rapelling?

I have a decent bit of experience with climbing but have never actually learned what kind of equipment I will need since I have always climbed with companies. I know I need a harness, climbing shoes, rope but what other equipment and how many of each will I typically need for Lead climbing, top roping, and rapelling.

Harness, Rope, Shoes, several lengths of 1"tubular webbing for rigging anchors to trees, and/or some removable hardware such as nuts or cams (and a nut tool) if you plan on top roping where no trees exist at the top. A few carabiners for hooking up the webbing and anchors, a belay device (ATC, Stitch Plate, Trango), A Figure 8 descender. Chalk and a chalk bag is optional.

You can rappel or climb with either static or dynamic rope but most people use dynamic for climbing because it has more stretch and they use static for rappelling because it is stiffer and more durable.

Get a guidebook or dig up the beta on the area you wish to climb to see if there are fixed anchors over your routes. If so you may want to get a few steel carabiners to rig your anchors because aluminum carabiners react with steel and can damage the aluminum.

I suggest getting a book that describes how to rig up the anchors. It will also give you some ideas on other gear you might need.

I mostly top rope in the eastern US, so I tend to use webbing and place my anchors on the trees at the top of the cliffs. The more popular climbing places in my area have fixed anchor points in many places, so I keep a few steel biners on my rack. I also have a full set of nuts in the event I climb someplace without good tree anchors.

Lead climbing is a totally different game. You will need a bunch of stuff like Cams, Nuts, Hexagonals, and Tri-cams along with slings and at least two carabiners or hot wires per piece of protection. Unless you have a lot of cash to blow at once, a good lead climbing rack is usually built up over a period of time. I buy protection as I need it. I read the guidebooks for the suggested pro for my chosen route and buy what I need as I need it. Finding buddies who have gear to share is also a good idea when getting into leading.

It should go without saying unless you really know how to place and remove anchors and protection, lead climbing isn't something you should attempt.





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Hi-Tec Men's Altitude IV WP Hiking Boot,Dark Chocolate,10.5 M
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Hammers HP1 Anti-Shock Hiking Pole with Compass & Thermometer
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Hi-Tec Men's Altitude IV WP Hiking Boot,Black,11.5 M
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Don't Waste Your Time In The Canadian Rockies: The Opinionated Hiking Guide
Don't Waste Your Time In The Canadian Rockies: The Opinionated Hiking Guide
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NEW CUSCUS 6200ci Internal Frame Hiking Camp Travel Backpack -Navy
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Hi-Tec Men's Altitude IV WP Hiking Boot,Black,14 M
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Guide to the Superior Hiking Trail: Linking People With Nature by Footpath Along Lake Superior's North Shore
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Rappeling Caving

 

Rappeling Caving

Rappeling Caving

Adventure Sports India

Skiing at Auli

Situated in the Garhwal Himalayas in the Chamloli district of Uttaranchal, Auli is a well known skiing destination. Majority of the tourists land in Auli by a cabel car service running at 3km. Skiing is a memorable experience at Auli because there is 500 meters long ski-lift and 800 meters long chair lift along with snow beaters and snow packing machines that keep the snow on the skiing spots smooth and ski-able. Such immense use of technology gives skiers 20 km of virgin slopes making slalom, downhill skiing and cross country possible.

Besides snow skiing, snow boarding is also carried out at Auli. Private operators and Government run organizations provide skiing and snow boarding gears. Every year skiing training camps are organized for those who are keen to learn. The best times to ski are the months between January and March.

White Water Rafting at Manali

Manali is a beautiful town in Kullu valley. It attracts a large number of tourists every year. Manali is at a height of 1,926 meters and is at a distance of 40 km from Kullu. It is a perfect place to trek and traverse. One can even try rock climbing and rappelling and many such mountaineering activities here. Manali is also famous for white river rafting in the Beas River.

River rafting at Rishikesh

Situated on holy Ganges, Rishikesh is an admired sacred hotspot in India. Rishikesh has numerous options of ashrams and shrines that make it an ultimate place for people with spiritual bend of mind.

Rishikesh is extremely well known for its river rafting opportunities. All grades I to IV rafting can be enjoyed here as the waters have rapids which are perfect for rafting conditions.

Trekking and Rafting at Darjeeling

Standing high at 7000 feet, Darjeeling is a very popular hill station. It is in northern West Bengal and is renowned for its beautiful tea estates.

The mountains of Darjeeling have several adventure sports on offer. Starting with skiing in the snow clad peaks; one can even raft in the chilly waters of Darjeeling Rivers. Trekking through the green woods is an experience in itself whereas you can even get a chance to be air-borne. Para-gliding is another activity one would love to indulge in s tourists.

Caving in Meghalaya

Khasi Hills in the Meghalaya boast of the deepest and longest caves in South Asia. Due to their huge potential Meghalayan caves are an absolute favorite amongst foreigners. These caves provide cavers with opportunities to explore the hills and discover new caves. In fact caves dictate the entire geography of the district of Meghalaya.

About the Author

THRILLOPHILIA deals with adventure-related activities on a pan-India level. Be its Rafting in the Tons or in the Kali River at Dandeli, Camel Safari in Ladakh or in the Thar Desert, Trekking around Bangalore or Ladakh, Scuba Diving in Lakshadweep or Andaman, we cater it all. We also have some fabulous Biking trips, Caving, Wildlife, Paragliding and many more adrenaline pumping adventure sports. India, having varied landscapes happens to be one of the finest destinations in the world for adventure.



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PETZL Stop Descender
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Hi-Tec Men's Altitude IV WP Hiking Boot,Dark Chocolate,10.5 M
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Hi-Tec Men's Altitude IV WP Hiking Boot,Black,11.5 M
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Hi-Tec Men's Altitude IV WP Hiking Boot,Black,14 M
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Guide to the Superior Hiking Trail: Linking People With Nature by Footpath Along Lake Superior's North Shore
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Bhakti: My travel Log

There are things that cannot be put in words. For example one cannot define beauty even with the best vocabulary in mind. One cannot define what one sees with his/her eyes. So is the case with Bhakti Bhava. I cannot define my love for God and moreover If, I am successful with this, I will definitely be unsuccessful with his love for his Bhaktas.

I am narrating some incidents related to my travel diary. This includes pictures to support my vocabulary.

The Itinerary carries some known and some unknown temples.

Before, I could plan my travel, I got money from unknown quarters and I was really surprised. I was surprised because even when I refused to accept it, people left it with me. It was a sign of God as he wanted me to have it for my travel.

While traveling from Ranikhet to Dhaulchina we visited Chitai temple of Shree Golu Devata. It is an enthralling experience with thousands of bells hung all over the place.

Here is a pic:

 

 

 

We then visited Ma Anandmayi ashram near Dhaulchina. It is situated at a very high place and offers views to some very beautiful peaks of Himalayas. You can see apple orchards nearby and meditate in front of the idol of Ma Anandmayi. True to her name it is definitely an Anand dham.

Few pics.

 

ASHRAM FROM OUTSIDE

 

MY SON PRAYING IN THE ASHRAM

 

From Chakori we visited the famous Patal bhuvneshvar. This is one of the best temples that I have ever come across. The temple is literally in Patal because you have to rappel down to forty feet through a narrow, damp dark cave.

But when you finally land you see the ninth wonder. This cave is spread to a distance of five hundred meters and carries a height of around forty to fifty feet.

There were huge natural structures of Sheshnag, Irawat, Chamunda mata, kedarnath, badri vishal, ganesha. It is hard to imagine that how could these structures be formed below earth in such definitive proportions. You could see thirty feet of Shiv’a hair which carries water falling on thousands of lingas below. You could also see a definitive structure of two swans watching the amrit kunda. There are certain caves inside this cave that run to several kilometers. Photographs are not allowed inside. Moreover you need infrared light to take snaps.

Enroute from Chakori to birthi you could see Neem Karobi ashram. Sunderkand recitation over there can keep you spell bound for hours. It acts as a magnet because I felt as if my feet are stuck on ground.

Here is a photograph:

 

At Chininola, I visited the temple of baba Herikhyan. I was completely lost for hours, while sitting all alone in the temple. A strange peaceful feeling engulfs your mind. You will lose all bondage, if you can feel the power of the temple. Here are some photographs.

 

Temple from Outside

 

Herkhyan Baba’s Place

 

Near Bimtal we visited two temples, which was a very good experience. Following are some photographs.

 

I DON’T HAVE ANY WORDS

 

About the Author

M.A (Astrology), Jyotish Visharad ICAS, Graduate(P.G.A)

Black Rappelling

 

Black Rappelling

Black Rappelling
How long will my house spider live?

It's a little black hairy looking thing with a white symbol on it's back. Probably no more than a half inch big.
It's been moving around my living room ceiling and window for two weeks now. Every now and then it rappels down to get a closer look at me when I'm home watching tv.
I've kind of grown attached but I haven't seen it since yesterday morning and was wondering if it might have died.

Sounds like a jumping spider- maybe Phidippus audax. The average lifespan for all spiders is a few months, but it can vary a great deal. Jumpers can probably live about a year.

Depending on how old the spider was, it's possible he or she has died. It's also likely that they're just hanging out somewhere else.



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Hi-Tec Men's Altitude IV WP Hiking Boot,Black,11.5 M
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Don't Waste Your Time In The Canadian Rockies: The Opinionated Hiking Guide
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Hi-Tec Men's Altitude IV WP Hiking Boot,Black,14 M
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Why Travel to Costa Rica

Of all the places one could think about, why do we have to go on a Costa Rica vacation? What's really so important that of all the places, one would go all the way to this tiny country in Central America?

Checking out Costa Rica vacation reviews may not be a bad idea to start with. At least you'll find out about first hand information from travelers or people who already went on this route. This may or may not build the confidence you need to make a final decision but I know this will surely help you a lot. Learning through other people's experience is another way of making the right decision.

Anyways going back to why this article even exists, Costa Rica simply means Paradise that's why many tourists or travelers prefer to visit this country instead of someplace else.  Costa Rica is definitely a dream come true to those who just love to go on an exciting nature or wildlife excursion or for those who seek adrenaline rushing adventures like bungee jumping and zip lining.

If you're interested in spending just a quiet and subtle vacation with your loved ones then you can experience its spectacular beaches and resorts. This is simply a good place to strengthen your bond while you enjoy the laidback lifestyle of Costa Rica. Some of the best beaches and resorts in the world are found in Costa Rica, so there's no reason why anyone wouldn't want to travel to this place.

There are gazillions of beaches in Costa Rica so it's up to you which one suits your fancy. There are plenty of beautiful beaches in the Caribbean and Pacific coasts. There are even various sand colors to choose from. From white sand beaches to golden and even black sand beaches, Costa Rica beaches are amazingly breathtaking.

Many travel agencies in Costa Rica offer all sorts of packages so you'll have more options to choose from. Most of the developed beaches are found along the Guanacaste coast. However, for those who want to experience the night lights in Costa Rica then you can visit the beaches along the Caribbean coast because of its "Rasta" or Jamaican influence and lush vegetation. Widely known beaches in Costa Rica are Manuel Antonio, Playa Dominica, Montezuma, Playa Tamarindo, Corcovado, Tambor, Jaco among others.

Visiting this country also means going on an overseas adventure travel since there are many fun things to do in Costa Rica. For those sports enthusiasts you can select between water sports activities or nature sports activities. Popular water activities include swimming, surfing, deep sea fishing, snorkeling, kayaking, scuba diving, yachting and many more.

Famous Costa Rica tours allow you visit famous tourist destinations other than the country's beaches. This country also gained worldwide popularity because of its magnificent rainforests and national parks where outdoor activities like hiking, horseback riding, butterfly watching, bird watching and other wildlife tours, canyoning or waterfalls rappelling, canopy tours and volcano watching are mostly done. Really famous parks include the Arenal National Park where the popular perfectly shaped cone volcano, the Arenal volcano can also be viewed. Others include the Corcovado National Park, Guanacaste National Park, Irazu Volcano National Park, Manuel Antonio National Park, Poas Volcano National Park and Tortuguero National Park. Famous rainforests reserves including the Monteverde Costa Rica Cloud Forest, Arenal Rainforest Reserve, Cabo Blanco Absolute National Reserve, Caño Negro National Wildlife Refuge and are another tourist favorite.

So it's time to grab the best Costa Rica tours that you can find and experience a perfect getaway in the fabulous country of Costa Rica.

 

About the Author

Travel with the best Costa Rica Travel Agency and browse the best Costa Rica tours, vacations, fun things to do and read our customer reviews!

For more information visit http://costaricasunshine.com/ for affordable and quality packages!

Diamond Atc

 

Diamond Atc

Diamond Atc
You have top pair on a 3-bet monochrome pot, what do u do?

1/2, 400 effective. HU against pretty decent player. He seems pretty loose and agressive (arent they all). I havent 3-bet all that much. It seems to me that everytime he raises, he calls my 3-bet, so he raises light AND calls 3-bets light. Anyways I have AJ two spades. He raises to 6, i raise to 21.

Flop comes out QT4 all clubs. Pot is 42. I bet 30, he calls pretty fast.

turn comes out a jack of diamonds. Pot is 102. We have around 350 behind. What do we do?

Bonus: do you value middlepair more in a reraised pot than in a raised pot?

Bonus #2- What does the term "ATC" mean?

this is a really tricky spot...you would think that even on a single-suited flop our opponent would raise a queen here, so i think we can probably rule that out, and certainly any bigger hand that isn't a flush has to protect right here...so that narrows it down to a flopped flush or a flush draw for me, one or the other...if we check, he might check and we might have given away a free card or he might bet and we will be in total no man's land, which is why i think we need to make a strong bet right here...i like making around a pot-sized bet, $100 or so, because it is very likely we are against a flush draw and we want that hand out, and also on the off chance he has a queen he might lay it down on such a scary board to a strong bet...the only concern here is that we cost ourselves more money if we are being trapped by a made flush, but that is unlikely enough where the positives to a bigger bet outweigh the potential negatives

bonus: i do, because middle pairs in re-raised pots become much easier to play, they become more like small pairs since you know that you are facing two bigger cards or an overpair most times...in simply raised pots, especially heads-up, they become very difficult to play because you are often put into some difficult spots trying to determine whether or not your hand is good

bonus2: considering my style i'd better know this one, it's any two cards



Black Diamond ATC Guide Anthracite , One Size
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Electric Discharge Machines - Technology

Emerging trends in Electric Discharge Machines

 

Spark erosion is a modern machining technique with a distinct advantage, as a result of which its use is becoming more & more decisive.

 

EDM continues to be an indispensible technique. Today EDM has revolutionized the way, majority of highly accurate moulds, dies and complex machined parts are being produced. Most enthusiastic EDM users do find solutions to upcoming challenges in metal cutting industry. The ability to machine both hardened steel & carbide parts to highest level of accuracy and superior finish without much operator intervention would have been a dream, when spark erosion came in to existence.

 

These days EDM is not as an obscure term like it was some years ago, but there are still all kinds of vague statements available.  For years, scholars have done lot of studies on the discharge process of EDM.  A variety of hypotheses have been made but still even now, the differences of understanding the discharge process exist.

 

It is very difficult to describe such a complex process, of which most parts are invisible and are accompanied by some physical and chemical phenomenon such as sound, heat, light, electromagnetic radiations etc.  Until today, they are neither completely understood, nor computable.  Various theories, mathematical models, about the estimation of gap condition has been put forward, but all are approximations, and whichever manufacturer has approximated the gap condition better, is a leader in EDM field.

 

EDM is a process where cutting material and material being cut does not touch each other; there is always a physical gap between the two.  Probably this gap, which has created perceptional gap in understanding EDM, so it is also said that EDMing is an Art.   Over a period of last 20 years, many innovative ideas have made the process lot predictable.

 

Ater the world war II, Russian Scientist B. R. Lazarenko & N. I.  Lazarenko invented the EDM process and since then, there have been continuous researches. In last 20 years, EDMs have become 6-8 times more productive. 

 

It is very essential to know the basic Input / Output of EDM to understand & appreciate the innovation in the field of EDM

 

INPUT

v      Electrode material

v      Work piece material

v      Di electric media.

EDM Process

v      High temperature

v      Electromagnetic forces

OUTPUT

v      Cutting speed

v      Job accuracy

v      Surface finish.

Traditionally, EDM has been classified into two distinct categories because of different ways adopted in performing the process.

1. SINK EDM or PLUNGE EDM or RAM EDM  

2. WIRE EDM                      

SINK EDM: 

We all know the fact that finished EDM job can be no better than the electrode used.  Output performance parameters like surface finish, accuracy and overall productivity mainly depends upon selection of electrode material.  It is a known fact that 70% is labor and 20-30% is the cost in manufacturing of ELECTRODE.  In last 15 years, there has been phenomenal development in the quality of electrode material available especially Graphite.  Imported graphite is now readily available which is mostly used in overseas countries.

 In India, we are seeing a shift from copper as an electrode material to graphite.  To choose the correct material, the supplier provides almost 15 types of Graphite material and complete performance characteristic                                          

Deciding which material to use e.g ‘Copper or Graphite’ mainly depends upon efficient method of producing the electrode, Job size, finish requirements, multiple electrode options.  In general, if you ask Asian user of EDM, choice is Copper and Graphite if the user is from USA.  In short, Graphite is preferred when electrode size is bigger; it is easily and faster machined on machining center. Good quality fine grain structure and sintered imported graphite is now available in India.  Major problem in machining graphite is the dust. It is a major headache unless machines are essentially equipped with special vacuum system to handle dust.

Copper is the most popular material in India because it is cheap and can be machined on a simple machine like Lathe.  Copper electrode manufacturing on wire EDM is the most popular and faster method whereas Graphite on wire EDM is very slow and troublesome, hence mostly avoided.

From the EDM process point of view, Graphite is thermally very stable material and hence, has very low electrode wear, where as Copper has got comparatively high wear.

Even though, the EDM machine should produce replica of electrode used, electrode wear does not allow it to happen easily and affect the accuracy and finish of the job.

It needs

1. Use of multiple electrodes e.g. roughing and finishing electrode.

2. Dressing of electrode during EDM process using auto electric discharge dressing.

3. Change of electrode during EDM process.

4. Use of 2D/3D Orbit cycles to compensate for electrode wear.

5. Use of adaptive control to precisely monitor EDM process to reduce electrode wear. These various features and strategies are used to accurately achieve the dimension and finish on the die or mould.

Innovations in CNC technology has also found its way into EDM too, EDM being a very slow process, speed of CNC does not play any significant role in improving productivity.

But It,

  1. Enhances EDM process by generation of few-canned cycle, in EDM terms,

            which is called as ORBIT CYCLE.

  1. Uses Adaptive EDM process control by continuously monitoring the gap

            condition and modulate EDM pulse.

  1. Simplifies the manufacture of electrode by using multiple segmented

           electrodes and use of ATC (Automatic Tool Changer).

  1. Automates manual interruptions like change of electrodes by use of tool

           magazine and therefore change of EDM parameters by using automatic

            selection of predefined EDM codes.

  1. Provides Powerful user interface, which enables user to define only the

            Performance &, output and the machine automatically select the steps of

            EDMing and its EDM parameters.

6.         Equips machine with fuzzy logic based adaptive control

            to significantly  improve the EDM process, thereby the productivity.

Direct coupled AC brushless Motors are also used by few manufacturers to achieve faster RAM speeds. This enhance the EDM performance during deep cavity machining, where very fast retraction of the electrode for a short duration is necessary to remove EDM debris, in the cavity, hence, avoid damage of electrode / cavity due to electrical arcing. Few manufacturers use Linear motors to achieve higher RAM speeds.

EDM being a slow process, EDMing a bigger dies and moulds is time consuming.  Alternatively, high speed milling machines, popularly known as HSM have come-up in the market place which can machine directly hardened die plates.

The theory of hard milling is basically the same as conventional milling. Hard milling is done on a specially designed machine tool & cut is taken at a very high RPM (15000 to 40000).  In such cases, majority of material removal of typical die / mould plate is accomplished by high-speed machine and only intricate cavities are machined by EDM process.  This scheme doesn’t become economical unless dies / moulds are of big size and repetitive in nature.

Both the processes, EDM & HSM have certain limitations & now a days they compliment each other in Indian job shops & tool rooms.

EDM process has been refined with a flexibility, repeatability and accuracy that have elevated EDMing from specialty technique into a place of prominence as preferred methods for many different types of jobs.

 

WIRE EDMs:

Basic concept of material removal is same as of a sink EDM; however, a Wire EDM machine by its design is quite different.  For example, all WireEDM machines are CNC where as Sink-EDM may or may not be a CNC machine.

These machines have been commercially available in India in early 80’s.  Development in the field of electronics and CNC has made a significant impact on Wire EDM machines, to say, it has now enhanced the performance 6-8 times, compared to earlier version of machines.

Unlike Sink EDM, electrode in case of Wire EDM is a simple, fixed diameter wire, so the complexity of design and manufacturing of electrode simply goes away. 

Efficient and high performance machining of hardened parts mainly depends upon various peripheral factors apart from the machine itself.  These are as important to be taken care as the machine itself.  They are

  1. Wire electrode material.

  2. Work piece metallurgy and preparation.

  3. Clean water dielectric.

  4. Clean & controlled environment.

 

1.     Wire Electrode Material :

EDM Wire has also evolved with machine developments to meet the changing demands of machine technology and new applications.

First ever wire used by WEDM was copper wire.  Soon brass wire came into existence which is essentially is alloy of copper and Zinc. It is an established fact that higher the percentage of Zinc, better the cutting speed and less wire breakage (We will not go into theoretical aspect of this.) It also improves performance in terms of better surface finish and integrity of cut parts especially carbide and PCD – poly crystalline diamond.

Due to the manufacturing process limitations, pure zinc wire cannot be drawn / manufactured.  Existing manufacturing process prohibit reliable and economic drawing of wire if zinc content is more than 40%.  Coated wire came into existence with coating of 100% pure zinc but due to process limitations coating thickness can be only few microns.

In coated wire Zinc gets consumed quickly due to its lower vaporizing temp., hence its effective use is limited up to maximum 80mm thick Work piece.  Diffused annealed wire with a coating thickness of 30-40 micron and heat treated by a process called as diffused annealing.  It contains 45% Zinc gives optimum speed and many manufacturers including Electronica’s technology is based on such type of wire.

Researchers are working on technologies to improve upon Zinc content.  Five years ago, Dr. Dan Tomalin discovered a breakthrough process called Gamma phased wire, which allows 65%  Zinc to be retained cutting speed increases by 10-50% in many cases.

Now we have options of using almost twenty different types of wire to achieve greater productivity.  Brass, coated brass, diffused brass, steel cored brass, hard / soft brass molybdenum wires are available to name a few in the world.

As the wire diameter is only 0.1 to 0.3 mm, higher current densities are not possible. So current pulses with very small duration, down up to 1.5 to 2 mSec. with high peak currents up to 500A or more are required to be discharged uniformly.  Due to the innovations in the field of electronics, fast switching power devices like MOSFET have made it possible to switch short duration high peak currents.  Higher the number of pulse discharge per unit time, higher the material removal, which is called as cutting rate, normally specified as mm2/min. 

In last 20 years, cutting speed has gone up from 30 mm2/min.  to 300 mm2/min., almost 10 times.

 

WORK PIECE METALLURGY

Normally, all machine manufacturers show cutting speed and finish on a particular grade of hardened steel e.g. Electronica Machine indicate cutting speed and surface finish on HcHc steel in the brochure.

Cutting speed and accuracies differ for various materials due to variation in the behavioral pattern of metal during EDMing.

TITANIUM:

This is not very commonly used in Indian Tool Room but it is an important metal in Aerospace and racing car industries worldwide.  Because of its natural properties, it finds its use in the human body for replacement of various joints and tooth implants.

WEDM cuts titanium approx. at 90 % to 100% of the tool steel speed, depending upon the wire used.  Due to water as a dielectric, oxidation process makes the cut surface blue while cutting Titanium.

Special generators with anti electrolysis circuits minimize such effects.

COPPER:

Use of copper is very large in many industries mainly in jewellery, electrical wires, coins, tubes and electrodes for Pulse EDM etc.  Wire cut EDM cuts it approx. at 80-85% of tool steel speed.

ALUMINUM

This metal is commercially available in various alloys.  Al. has lower melting temperature; hence it cuts approx 250-300% faster than steel.  Faster speeds and rougher finish are the results while EDMing Aluminum.

CARBIDE

It is extremely hard material, mixed with cobalt as a binder material and then sintered. Cobalt is highly conductive, and gives strength to carbide.  While WEDming, cobalt melts first, leaving loosely bound carbide.  This exposes carbide particle and due to water as a dielectric, electrolysis and oxidations will further leach away exposed carbide.  This is a common phenomenon on all WEDM machines and is known as cobalt loss which essentially degrades the tool life.

Technology guidelines are given by manufacturer to minimize this effect. 

CLEAN   WATER DIELECTRIC

Water as a dielectric plays a vital role in WEDM in achieving optimum performance.

 Essential characteristics of water dielectric are :- 

1. It should be ‘Mechanically CLEAN’ i.e. dissolved particle size should be filtered to micron level. Paper cartridge filter or Mineral bed filtration systems are mostly offered. 

2. It should be ‘Thermally CLEAN’.  Water heats up due to EDM process and water pumps, circulating water to run the EDM process. Water Chillers comes as a standard accessory to maintain dielectric temperature during metal cutting. 

3. It should be ‘Chemically CLEAN’. Deionization of water occurs during cutting and conductivity of water increases. Deionizer mixed bed resins are offered along with automatic conductivity controllers to maintain the conductivity to a recommended level.

CLEAN AND CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT

Environment in which machine is kept should be maintained at a    uniform temperature.  Normally, it should be like a tool room environment maintained between 20 to 22 ? C.

Temperature changes during cutting can cause –

-              Parts to bend or twist

-              Oil deform

-              Elongations due to temperature coefficient, this ultimately deteriorates the part quality.

In India, due to extremities of summer heat, many problems related to part accuracy surfaces.

It is also found that cutting speed of the WEDM drops by more than 15% for temperature rise of 10%.

 

Limitations of WEDM & their remedies.

Bow & Taper Effect & its remedy.

WEDM machines are designed to generate a taper of required degrees by having an auxiliary axis parallel to main XY axis. But the WireEDM process itself generates certain Bow / Taper effect which affect accuracies on job. Each manufacturer provides certain guidelines to overcome such deficiencies by applying trim cuts, or skim cut or multiple cut after first cut. Accuracy of low energy skim cuts depend mainly upon three parameters like precise pulse energy control, vibration free wire electrode travelling mechanism & perfect water jet control.

Many manufacturers have gone up to 5 Skim cuts technology with their innovative control of above three parameters.

 

CORNER CONTROL STRATEGY:

Due to high mechanical & electromagnetic forces acting on wire in the spark gap, during wire cutting, wire tends to deviate from its programmed path, thus creating damages to the sharp corners, or corners with very small corner radius on the job. Each manufacturer provides in-built innovative fuzzy logic control strategy to retain the corner shape during the wire cutting.

SUBMERGED MACHINING:

In these types of machines, Wire cutting operation is done in a water bath. Under difficult machining conditions of poor flushing like cutting a high degree taper, Extrusion die, stacked work pieces, submerged machining is always preferred.  Most of the manufacturer now offers submerged machines.

Heat effect on metal surface- surface integrity:

During EDM process the surface of the material is affected by many phenomenons which directly modify the structure of the parent material. It results in to the affected surface that does not remain integral to the parent material. 

Material defects are mainly due to various processes that are triggered from the start of the initial strike of EDM spark.

Surface damage

  • Due to thermal process.

  • Due to chemical process.

  • Due to electrolysis & corrosion process.

Damage due to thermal process-

With the initial strike of the spark on the metal surface, material is melted & crater is formed. Molten metal is drawn back in to the spark crater due to surface tension.

This material refreezes on the cut surface producing a layer which is quite different in properties than that of parent material. This layer is called as ‘white layer’ or ‘recast layer’.

Immediately below the white layer, is an area called as “HAZ” ‘Heat affected Zone’.

This re hardened layer is formed due to temperature that has risen above the hardened temperature, but not melted the surface. This layer is hard & brittle.

Damage due to Chemical effect-

EDM surface undergoes a chemical contamination from the electrode & dielectric. From a metallurgical view point carbon is the most important contaminant. Small amount of carbon has a profound effect on behavior of steel. In WEDM machines, chemistry of contaminated ion particles is more or less neutralized by the Deion process. But in RAM EDM no such mechanism exists , hence it is always desirable to change oil dielectric periodically. 

Damage due to Electrolysis effect-

Process of WEDM uses water as a dielectric, work piece as anode & wire as cathode. Operating gap voltage gives rise to a reaction. Where water molecules are reduced at cathode & oxidized at anode. Hence more or less anode i.e. work piece is consumed depending upon the type of metal used. This causes surface deterioration of work piece.

Consequences

Due to EDM process, various layers like white layer, re-hardened layer, Tempered layer is formed over the parent material.

Today’s high speed switching, short duration, high peak current pulse technology do provide a finer control to minimize such effects, but thermal nature of EDM process itself makes it impossible to eliminate such defects entirely. Affected zone thickness may vary up to few microns, depending upon Roughing / Finishing parameter settings.

Skim cuts at lower current can help improving the surface.

Reduced mechanical properties of metal located in affected layer contributed to shortened tool life.

Effect on surface integrity for a die / punch made in hard metal will render surface profile, hence; affect its resistance to wear.

 

New Trends in EDM Application

EDM IN MOLDING INDUSTRY

Vertical EDM has been a mainstay in mold making operation for decades.  In last few years, enhanced WEDM performance saw its usage in Mold making industry too.

Mold making is an age old craft that, in theory, has not changed since ages.

A part is replicated by powering or forcing a molten material in a pre-shaped impression or cavity.  Better cavity accuracy and finish of mold will result in better replication of part dimensions and longer life of mould.  This is mostly needed for plastic parts which are normally molded as a finished part.

Areas of application of WEDM in Mold making:

 1.  Electrode making:

This is the first ever use of WEDM in mould making.  Complex copper electrode, multiple Accurate and identical electrodes with no burr, this walled electrodes which were very difficult uneconomical and time consuming.

 2. Mold Base Work: 

Accurately insert pocket in the holder plate of the mold base larger and thicker the mold base larger is the saving.  Square inserts can be cut easily without corner radius.

 3. Mold Inserts: 

Because cut without sectioning and also very fast without accumulated in accuracies due to stacking. 

Complicated geometry of the involute gear or spline   is virtually impossible to generate on conventional tool room machines.  Wirecut has no limitations on pressure angle tooth width, and other involute gear characteristics.  Any involute gear cavity can be cut at any shrinkage factor easily. 

 4.   Extrusion die plate: 

 Extrusion die plate needs essentially a large draft angle which can be cut           easily by Wirecut.

  5.      Watch Gear Molds:

Plastic watch gear is impossible to make due to small size of teeth. With use of 50-70 micron wire, cutting of this part is very easy. 

 6.   Inserts

Connector mold inserts require multiple close tolerance laminations, it is quite labor intensive and very expensive to grind and assemble.  All this is avoided by using WEDM.

 7. Core Pin and Ejector Pin hole

Wire EDM can effectively used to cut all through holes in cavity inserts    after hardening.  Holes will be straight to the size and will have dead sharp edges at the cavity, resulting in no possibility of flush.

 8.  Reduce or eliminate polishing 

Mold polishing in India is labor intensive      hard   work, and can be avoided by wire EDM which are now capable of providing down up to 1 µ  Rmax finish.

 

Micro EDM Machining

Micromachining is a basic technology used for the production of miniaturized parts and components.

Until recently, focus has been on production of microelectronic components using etching and other photo fabrication technique.  Currently, with the tremendous need arising for the development of micro machines, micromachining using machine tool technology is getting very popular.

Micro-Machining is the generic term for very small machines from millimeter to sub millimeter size like micro-robots, capsules inserted into human body for medical treatment, micro-motor, micro sensors etc.  Micromachining using machine tools has the advantage of machining three dimensional shapes with ease.

Over the past few years, there has been an increased demand is Micro machining technology from various industries like

  • Aerospace

  • Medical Appliances

  • Automotive Industry

Micro machining techniques generate parts even less than 100 microns just thicker than human hair – human hair is 75 micron.

Such micro machining techniques are used to manufacture parts like

  • Medical components

  • Micro modules

  • Electronic tooling’s

  • Micro valves

  • Tooling’s for IC’s

  • Sub miniature – actuators and motors

Productivity Aspects & Automation 

Today’s Job shops strive for achieving higher level of manufacturing efficiency & productivity.

Automation can be a solution, but automation is not viable for the sake of automating, there are many time wasters, which if minimized can give opportunity for competitive edge.

Typical EDM job shop mainly work in four well defined stages. 

  1. Workpiece preparation and part programming

  2. Job setting / Alignment / loading / Unloading

  3. Job cutting

  4. Job inspection

While WEDM machine is being run, many factors of human intentions come into play like – 

  1. Wire threading / spool changing.

  2. Power interruption.

  3. Consumables replacement.

In all above aspects of manufacturing only job cutting yields revenue.

Even though all other aspects are important to run the shop, they are time wasters and one can think of minimizing them.

Let us view this from the point of view of “Lean Job Shop”, in which automation can be means to improve productivity. Lean manufacturing, a shorthand commitment to eliminating waste, simplifying procedures and speeding up production, can be one such concept.

Modern WEDM machine manufacturer and accessories manufacturer have worked towards this to support the user by bringing in many features and accessory to minimize human intervention and thereby reduce time wastages and improve available cutting time.  Let us review them. 

  1. Job Preparation and programming:  It includes planning of cutting strategies like start hole, job clamping margins, rough / skim cuts etc.  Machine manufacturers provide guidelines and hands on technology recipes, which can get executed without intervention, thereby saving time.

  2. Tooling: Sufficient amount of time can be saved by using Tooling available now a days of

  • Good quality

  • Affordable price

      Which offers:

  • Single minute exchange of die (SMED)

  • Single turn clamping of die

  • And use of single command align function of machine.

This substantially reduces unproductive time on the machine. 

1. Job cutting:  Job cutting time can be improved by selecting proper cutting speed and multi-cut strategies.

Even though, manufacturers do specify maximum cutting speeds, but maximum speed means maximum creation of defects, which deteriorates accuracy and finish of the job.  Time is subsequently wasted in minimizing such defects.User has to decide optimum speed of cutting rather than maximum cutting speed to achieve maximum overall cutting efficiency. 

2. Job inspection: Modern machines are capable of delivering consistent product quality in terms of accuracy and finish, provided all the factors / guideline enumerated in previous section are adhered.  Job inspection time can be saved substantially by selecting checks on very few dimensions.

Time wastage due to interventions

1. Wire threading :

Material defects, improper use of cutting parameters may lead to wire breakage.

Manual wire threading consumes at least 5 minutes when operator is in front of machine. This time can be saved by using Automatic Wire Threading facility.

Nowadays this feature is available on most of the WIRE EDMs.

Auto Wire threading time is normally up to 45 seconds, which is a lot in terms of time saving.

In case of multi cavity die, on machines with AWT wire is cut automatically and then threaded as per the program, thereby achieve complete unattended operations.

2. Wire spool loading / unloading  

Change of wire spool becomes a interruption in case of large size jobs where cutting time is more than 24 hours. Higher kg. Spools up to 45 kg are available which will last for many days & will eliminate frequent spool change over time.

Special accessory, supplied by the manufacturer can be used to reduce human intervention.

3. Power interruption

In Indian conditions there are frequent power failures.

Many of the shop owners have Generator sets for power backup. But very few have Auto Changeover facility inbuilt. Manual changeover of Generator set consumes more time & is dependent on the operator attention. This time ranges from 5 minutes to 15 minutes.

Generator set having Auto change over facility will start within 1 minute.

The machine having Auto power recovery facility will resume cutting within one minute.

4. Replacement of consumables: Manufacturer provides the information about the life of consumables like current pickups, resin, wire guide, filters etc.

Predefined schedule of replacement of consumables do help in saving time.

Automation:

Now a day, particularly in developed countries, machines are equipped with tool loader / unloader, Robotic job loading / unloading etc. to run the machine unmanned.

Enhanced performance in terms of higher cutting speed with tolerable job accuracy and surface finish has made Wire EDMs popular not only in Tool Rooms but also for production applications, which was uneconomical few years ago. 

Ultimately, Innovations in EDMs are meant to simplify the task of EDMing, in an economical way to produce long life tools in the ever-competitive Tooling, Mold making , Aerospace , pharmaceutical & many such industries.

 

 

 

About the Author

CEO Electronica Machine Tools Ltd., Pune, India

Rappelling Mountain

 

Rappelling Mountain

Rappelling Mountain
What is the tension in the rope and the magnitude of the force exerted by the wall?

A mountain climber is rappelling down a vertical wall (the figure below ). The rope attaches to a buckle strapped to the climber's waist 15 cm to the right of his center of gravity. If the climber weighs 770 N, find (a) the tension in the rope and (b) the magnitude and direction of the contact force exerted by the wall on the climber's feet.

Why don't you try cracking open that statics textbook and learning something instead of asking for help with your homework?



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Adventurous Chanshil Valley in Himachal:india

ADVENTUROUS CHANSHIL VALLEY IN HIMACHAL:INDIA

Himachal Pradesh has emerged as one of the most progressive Himalayan States in the country. The mighty Himalayan range passes through the complete State of Himachal Pradesh and thus it offers the most scenic view comprising of lofty snow covered mountains, glaciers, mountain streams, green open valleys with kilometers long pasture slopes, thick coniferous forests and pollution free climate round the year.

Millions of people from all over the country and abroad visit Himachal Pradesh every year.The Chanshil Pass is 13548 ft above sea level and one can have a beautiful glimpse of Rohru valley and mountain range of Uttaranchal Himalaya. Moving through the beautifull Pabbar Valley one can experience Mountaineering and Camping in the Chanshil Valley.

Along with that you can do other activities also like as : Trekking and Hiking, River fording and Trout fishing, Adventure Camping, Rock climbing and rappelling, Jungle trail and Brush craft, Outdoor Team building etc.

Well this is just a gist of Adventurous Chanshil Valley

Portrayed, if interested to book a Adventurous tour, feel free to contact us at marketing@himachalhotels.in

kindly go through the following Url to book this special Adventurous Chanshil Valley Vacation Package…

http://www.himachalhotels.in/Adventurous_Chanshil/Chansil.htm

About the Author